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Episiotomy is defined as a surgical incision made at the vagina to allow for passage of product of conception during delivery. It is usually done when the product of conception…

Family planning can be defined as health and welfare programme which enables fertile and infertile women to have and space child bearing period according to their health needs.   Types…

First stage of labour is defined as the stage of cervical dilatation. However, it begins when there are regular rhythmic contraction and retraction of the uterus muscles and end with…

Infant mortality rate is the number of registered deaths of infants under the age of one year for every 1000 live births registered in a given year. Causes of Infant…

Mastitis can be defined as an infection of the breast characterized by  oedematous swelling  of the breast, hard mass and painful breast. Causes of Mastitis Maternal Causes Poor Breast Hygiene:…

Bad obstetric history simply implies previous unfavourable fetal outcome in terms of two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions, history of intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth retardation, still birth, early neonatal…

Obstetric shock can be defined as any loss of circulating fluid volume that is not compensated for, as in haemorrhage but may also occur when there is severe vomiting during…

Occipito posterior position (OPP) can be defined as a cephalic presentation with the occiput pointing to any of the sacro-iliac joint(reduced occipito posterior position) or the hollow  of the sacrum(persistent…

The best possible way of teaching post natal exercise is the demonstration/return demonstration method. However, the mother may only passively return the demonstration since they are just recovering from the…

Postpartum haemorrhage is defined as severe bleeding that occurs immediately after labour. However let us take a good look at the causes of postpartum haemorrhage and its risk factors. Causes…